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MAX9924UAUB+
Variable-Reluctance Sensor Interface with Differential Input and Adaptive Peak Threshold
General DescriptionThe MAX9924–MAX9927 variable reluctance (VR or mag-
netic coil) sensor interface devices are ideal for position
and speed sensing for automotive crankshafts,
camshafts, transmission shafts, etc. These devices inte-
grate a precision amplifier and comparator with selectable
adaptive peak threshold and zero-crossing circuit blocks
that generate robust output pulses even in the presence
of substantial system noise or extremely weak VR signals.
The MAX9926/MAX9927 are dual versions of the
MAX9924/MAX9925, respectively. The MAX9924/
MAX9926 combine matched resistors with a CMOS input
precision operational amplifier to give high CMRR over a
wide range of input frequencies and temperatures. The
MAX9924/MAX9926 differential amplifiers provide a fixed
gain of 1V/V. The MAX9925/MAX9927 make all three ter-
minals of the internal operational amplifier available,
allowing greater flexibility for gain. The MAX9926 also
provides a direction output that is useful for quadrature-
connected VR sensors that are used in certain high-per-
formance engines. These devices interface with both
new-generation differential VR sensors as well as legacy
single-ended VR sensors.
The MAX9924/MAX9925 are available in the 10-pin
µMAX®package, while the MAX9926/MAX9927 are
available in the 16-pin QSOP package. All devices are
specified over the -40°C to +125°C automotive temper-
ature range.
ApplicationsCamshaft VRS Interfaces
Crankshaft VRS Interfaces
Vehicle Speed VRS Interfaces
FeaturesDifferential Input Stage Provides Enhanced Noise
ImmunityPrecision Amplifier and Comparator Allows
Small-Signal DetectionUser-Enabled Internal Adaptive Peak Threshold or
Flexible External ThresholdZero-Crossing Detection Provides Accurate
Phase Information
MAX9924–MAX9927
Variable Reluctance Sensor Interfaces with
Differential Input and Adaptive Peak Threshold
Ordering Information19-4283; Rev 4; 3/12
PARTTEMP RANGEPIN-PACKAGE
MAX9924UAUB+-40°C to +125°C10 µMAX
MAX9924UAUB/V+-40°C to +125°C10 µMAX
MAX9925AUB+-40°C to +125°C10 µMAX
MAX9926UAEE+-40°C to +125°C16 QSOP
MAX9926UAEE/V+-40°C to +125°C16 QSOP
MAX9927AEE+-40°C to +125°C16 QSOP
MAX9927AEE/V+-40°C to +125°C16 QSOP
+Denotes a lead(Pb)-free/RoHS-compliant package.
/V denotes an automotive qualified part.
µMAX is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
Simplified Block DiagramμC
DIFFERENTIAL
AMPLIFIER
ADAPTIVE/MINIMUM
AND
ZERO-CROSSING
THRESHOLDS
INTERNAL/EXTERNAL
BIAS VOLTAGE
VR SENSOR
ENGINE BLOCK
MAX9924
MAX9924–MAX9927
Variable Reluctance Sensor Interfaces with
Differential Input and Adaptive Peak Threshold
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS(VCC= 5V, VGND= 0V, MAX9925/MAX9927 gain setting = 1V/V, Mode A1, VBIAS= 2.5V, VPULLUP = 5V, RPULLUP = 1kΩ, CCOUT=
50pF. TA= TMINto TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA= +25°C.) (Note 2)
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
VCCto GND.............................................................-0.3V to + 6V
All Other Pins..............................................-0.3V to (VCC+ 0.3V)
Current into IN+, IN-, IN_+, IN_-.......................................±40mA
Current into All Other Pins................................................±20mA
Output Short-Circuit (OUT_, OUT) to GND.............................10s
Continuous Power Dissipation (TA= +70°C) (Note 1)
10-Pin µMAX (derate 8.8mW/°C above +70°C)........707.3mW
16-Pin QSOP (derate 9.6mW/°C above +70°C)........771.5mW
Operating Temperature Range.........................-40°C to +125°C
Junction Temperature......................................................+150°C
Storage Temperature Range.............................-65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s).................................+300°C
Soldering Temperature (reflow).......................................+260°C
PARAMETERSYMBOLCONDITIONSMINTYPMAXUNITS
POWER SUPPLYOperating Supply RangeVCC(Note 3)4.55.5V
MAX9924/MAX99252.65Supply CurrentICCMAX9926/MAX99274.710mA
Power-On TimePONVCC > VUVLO = 4.1V, step time for VCC
~ 1µs30150µs
INPUT OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (MAX9925/MAX9927)Input Voltage RangeIN+, IN-Guaranteed by CMRR0VCCV
Temperature drift5µV/°CInput Offset VoltageVOS-OA0.53mV
Input Bias CurrentIBIAS(Note 4)0.16nA
Input Offset CurrentIOFFSET(Note 4)0.052nA
Common-Mode Rejection RatioCMRRFrom VCM = 0 to VCC75102dB
MAX992588105
Power-Supply Rejection RatioPSRR
MAX99277794
Output Voltage LowVOLIOL = 1mA0.050V
Output Voltage HighVOHIOH = -1mAVCC -
0.050V
Recovery Time from SaturationtSATTo 1% of the actual VOUT after output
saturates1.2µs
Gain-Bandwidth ProductGBW1.4MHz
Slew RateSR2.3V/µs
Charge-Pump FrequencyfCP1.3MHz
Note 1:Package thermal resistances were obtained using the method described in JEDEC specification JESD51-7, using a four-layer
board. For detailed information on package thermal considerations, refer to /thermal-tutorial.
µMAX
Junction-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance (θJA)......113.1°C/W
Junction-to-Case Thermal Resistance (θJC)................42°C/W
QSOP
Junction-to-Ambient Thermal Resistance (θJA)......103.7°C/W
Junction-to-Case Thermal Resistance (θJC)................37°C/W
PACKAGE THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS (Note 1)
MAX9924–MAX9927
Variable Reluctance Sensor Interfaces with
Differential Input and Adaptive Peak Threshold
PARAMETERSYMBOLCONDITIONSMINTYPMAXUNITS
INPUT DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER (MAX9924/MAX9926)Input Voltage RangeIN+, IN-Guaranteed by CMRR-0.3VCC +
0.3V
MAX9924 (Note 5)6087Differential Amplifier
Common-Mode Rejection RatioCMRRMAX9926 (Note 5)5578dB
Input ResistanceRIN(Note 5)65100135kΩ
ADAPTIVE PEAK DETECTIONMAX9924/MAX9925-6.50+6.5
Zero-Crossing ThresholdVZERO_THRESH
Mode B
operation
(Notes 5, 6)MAX9926/MAX9927-6.50+10
VADAPTIVEAdaptive peak threshold33%PK
Minimum threshold of hysteresis
comparator MAX9924/MAX9926
(Notes 5, 6)
Minimum threshold of hysteresis
comparator MAX9925/MAX9927
(Notes 5, 6)3050
VMIN-THRESH - VZERO-THRESH for
MAX9924 (Notes 5, 6)71526
VMIN-THRESH - VZERO-THRESH for
MAX9926 (Notes 5, 6)21530
Fixed and Adaptive Peak
ThresholdVMIN-THRESH
VMIN-THRESH - VZERO-THRESH for
MAX9925/MAX9927 (Notes 5, 6)193050
Watchdog Timeout for Adaptive
Peak ThresholdtWD
Timing window to reset the adaptive
peak threshold if not triggered (input
level below threshold)85140ms
ENTIRE SYSTEMComparator Output Low VoltageVCOUT_OL0.2V
tPDZOverdrive = 2V to 3V, zero-crossing50Propagation DelaytPDAOverdrive = 2V to 3V, adaptive peak150ns
COUT Transition TimetHL-LH2ns
Propagation Delay JittertPD-JITTER
Includes noise of differential amplifier
and comparator, f = 10kHz,
VIN = 1VP-P sine wavens
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)(VCC= 5V, VGND= 0V, MAX9925/MAX9927 gain setting = 1V/V, Mode A1, VBIAS= 2.5V, VPULLUP = 5V, RPULLUP = 1kΩ, CCOUT=
50pF. TA= TMINto TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA= +25°C.) (Note 2)
MAX9924–MAX9927
Variable Reluctance Sensor Interfaces with
Differential Input and Adaptive Peak Threshold
PARAMETERSYMBOLCONDITIONSMINTYPMAXUNITS
EXTMode B, TA = +125°C1.5VCC
- 1.1
EXT Voltage RangeVEXT
Mode C, TA = +125°C0.14VCC
- 1.1
Input Current to EXTIEXTMode B, VEXT > VBIAS; and Mode C10µA
DIRN (MAX9926 Only)Output Low Voltage0.2V
INT_THRS, ZERO_ENLow InputVIL0.3 x
VCCV
High InputVIH0.7 x
VCCV
Input LeakageILEAK1µA
Input Current ZERO_ENISINKPullup resistor = 10kΩ,
VZERO_EN = VGND500800µA
Switching Time Between Modes
A1, A2, and Modes B, CtSW
With INT_THRS = GND, auto peak-
detect is disabled, and EXT_THRS is
active
3µs
BIASInput Current to BIASIBIASModes A1, A2, B, C1µA
Modes A1, B, TA = +125°C1.5VCC
- 1.1
BIAS Voltage RangeVBIAS
Mode C, TA = +125°C0.2VCC
- 1.1
Internal BIAS Reference VoltageVINT_BIASMode A2 (MAX9924/MAX9926)2.46V
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)(VCC= 5V, VGND= 0V, MAX9925/MAX9927 gain setting = 1V/V, Mode A1, VBIAS= 2.5V, VPULLUP = 5V, RPULLUP = 1kΩ, CCOUT=
50pF. TA= TMINto TMAX, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at TA= +25°C.) (Note 2)
Note 2:Specifications are 100% tested at TA= +125°C, unless otherwise noted. All temperature limits are guaranteed by design.
Note 3:Inferred from functional PSRR.
Note 4:CMOS inputs.
Note 5:Guaranteed by design.
Note 6:Includes effect of VOSof internal op amp and comparator.
MAX9924–MAX9927
Variable Reluctance Sensor Interfaces with
Differential Input and Adaptive Peak Threshold
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTIONMAX9924 toc01
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (μV)
PERCENTAGE OF UNITS (%)
VCM = 0
BIN SIZE = 250
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE
vs. INPUT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE
MAX9924 toc02
INPUT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE (V)
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (mV)
VOUT = 2.5V
MAX9925
COMMON-MODE REJECTION RATIO
vs. FREQUENCYMAX9924 toc03
FREQUENCY (Hz)
CMRR (dB)
10k1k10010
1100k
VBIAS = VOUT = 2.5V
VCM = 2VP-P
CMRR = 20log(ADM/ACM)
POWER-SUPPLY REJECTION RATIO
vs. FREQUENCYMAX9924 toc04
FREQUENCY (Hz)
PSSR (dB)
10k1k10010
-120100k
VRIPPLE = 100mVP-P
VBIAS = VOUT = 2.5V
INPUTS COUPLED TO GND
OPEN LOOP FREQUENCY
RESPONSEMAX9924 toc05
FREQUENCY (kHz)
GAIN (dB)
VCC = 5V
VBIAS = 2.5V
VOUT = 2VP-P
MAX9925
VOL AND VOH vs. TEMPERATUREMAX9924 toc06
TEMPERATURE (°C)
AND V
(mV)75100250-25
VCC - VOH
VOL
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE
vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX9924 toc07
TEMPERATURE (°C)
INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (mV)
VCM = 0
VOUT = 2.5V
MAX9925
VCM = 2.5V
ADAPTIVE THRESHOLD AND RATIO
vs. SIGNAL LEVELMAX9924 toc08
SIGNAL LEVEL (VP)
ADAPTIVE THRESHOLD LEVEL (mV)
fIN = 1kHz
MAX9924
ADAPTIVE THRESHOLD
vs. TEMPERATUREMAX9924 toc09
TEMPERATURE (°C)
THRESHOLD (mV)50751000-25
VIN = 2VP-P
fIN = 1kHz
MAX9924
Typical Operating Characteristics(VCC= 5V, VGND= 0V, MAX9925/MAX9927 gain setting = 1V/V. All values are at TA= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
MAX9924–MAX9927
Variable Reluctance Sensor Interfaces with
Differential Input and Adaptive Peak Threshold
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)(VCC= 5V, VGND= 0V, MAX9925/MAX9927 gain setting = 1V/V. All values are at TA= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
MINIMUM AND ZERO-CROSSING
THRESHOLD vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX9924 toc10
TEMPERATURE (°C)
THRESHOLD (mV)
VCM = 2.5V
fIN = 5Hz
ZERO CROSSING
AT 5Hz
MINIMUM THRESHOLD
ZERO CROSSING
AT 1Hz
CMRR vs. TEMPERATURE
MAX9924 toc11
TEMPERATURE (°C)
CMRR (dB)
MAX9924
VCM = 0 TO 5V
INPUT SIGNAL vs. COUT WITH
WATCHDOG TIMER EXPIREDMAX9924 toc12
20ms/div
VBIAS
fIN = 5Hz
COUTINPUT SIGNAL
INPUT SIGNAL vs. COUT WITH
WATCHDOG TIMER EXPIREDMAX9924 toc13
100μs/div
VBIAS
fIN = 1kHz
COUTINPUT SIGNAL
833mV
MAX9924 toc14
100μs/div
OVERDRIVEN INPUT VOLTAGES
(MAX9924)MAX9924 toc15
200μs/div
DIRN OPERATION
(MAX9924)MAX9924 toc16
INPUT REFERRED NOISE DENSITY
vs. FREQUENCY1001k10010k100k1M
INPUT VOLTAGE NOISE (nV/ Hz)
MAX9924–MAX9927
Variable Reluctance Sensor Interfaces with
Differential Input and Adaptive Peak Threshold
Pin Description
PIN
MAX9924MAX9925MAX9926MAX9927NAMEFUNCTION1——IN+Noninverting Input2——IN-Inverting Input3——OUTAmplifier Output———N.C.No Connection. Not internally connected.4——BIASInput Bias. Connect to an external resistor-divider and bypass
to ground with a 0.1µF and 10µF capacitor.51111GNDGround613—ZERO_ENZero-Crossing Enable. Mode configuration pin, internally
pulled up to VCC with 10kΩ resistor.7——COUTComparator Output. Open-drain output, connect a 10kΩ pullup
resistor from COUT to VPULLUP.8——EXTExternal Reference Input. Leave EXT unconnected in Modes
A1, A2. Apply an external voltage in Modes B, C.9——INT_THRSInternal Adaptive Threshold. Mode configuration pin.101414VCCPower Supply—11INT_THRS1Internal Adaptive Threshold 1. Mode configuration pin.—22EXT1External Reference Input 1. Leave EXT unconnected in Modes
A1, A2. Apply an external voltage in Modes B, C.—33BIAS1Input Bias 1. Connect to an external resistor-divider and
bypass to ground with a 0.1µF and 10µF capacitor.—44COUT1Comparator Output 1. Open-drain output, connect a 10kΩ
pullup resistor from COUT1 to VPULLUP.—55COUT2Comparator Output 2. Open-drain output, connect a 10kΩ
pullup resistor from COUT2 to VPULLUP.—66BIAS2Input Bias 2. Connect to an external resistor-divider and
bypass to ground with a 0.1µF and 10µF capacitor.—77EXT2External Reference Input 2. Leave EXT unconnected in Modes
A1, A2. Apply an external voltage in Modes B, C.—88INT_THRS2Internal Adaptive Threshold 2. Mode configuration pin.—99IN2+Noninverting Input 2—1010IN2-Inverting Input 2—12—DIRNRotational Direction Output. Open-drain output, connect a
pullup resistor from DIRN to VPULLUP.——12OUT2Amplifier Output 2——13OUT1Amplifier Output 1—1515IN1-Noninverting Input 1—1616IN1+Inverting Input 1
MAX9924–MAX9927
Variable Reluctance Sensor Interfaces with
Differential Input and Adaptive Peak Threshold
Functional DiagramsMAX9924
100kΩ
100kΩ
10kΩ
100kΩ
VCC
VCC
MODE
LOGIC
INT_THRSEXT
IN-
100kΩ
VCC
IN+
BIAS
OP AMP
COMPARATOR
30%
BUFFER
INTERNAL
REFERENCE
2.5V
VMIN
THRESHOLD
65ms
WATCHDOG
PEAK
DETECTOR
MODE
LOGIC
COUT
ZERO_EN
INT_THRS
GND
VCC
MAX9924–MAX9927
Variable Reluctance Sensor Interfaces with
Differential Input and Adaptive Peak Threshold
Functional Diagrams (continued)MAX9925
10kΩ
VCC
VCC
MODE
LOGIC
EXT
IN-VCC
IN+
BIAS
OP AMP
COMPARATOR
30%
BUFFER
VMIN
THRESHOLD
85ms
WATCHDOG
PEAK
DETECTOR
COUT
ZERO_EN
GND
OUT
VCC
INT_THRS
MAX9924–MAX9927
Variable Reluctance Sensor Interfaces with
Differential Input and Adaptive Peak Threshold
Functional Diagrams (continued)MAX9926
100kΩ
100kΩ
10kΩ
100kΩ
VCC
VCC
MODE
LOGIC
IN1-
100kΩ
VCC
IN1+
BIAS1
OP AMP
COMPARATOR
30%
BUFFER
INTERNAL
REFERENCE
2.5V
VMIN
THRESHOLD
85ms
WATCHDOG
PEAK
DETECTOR
EXT1
COUT1
ZERO_EN
GND
VCC
100kΩ
100kΩ
100kΩ
VCC
IN2-
100kΩ
VCC
IN2+
BIAS2
OP AMP
COMPARATOR
30%
BUFFER
VMIN
THRESHOLD
85ms
WATCHDOG
PEAK
DETECTOR
EXT2
COUT2
DIRNDIRN
FLIP-FLOP
CLK
INT_THRS1
INT_THRS2
MAX9924–MAX9927
Variable Reluctance Sensor Interfaces with
Differential Input and Adaptive Peak Threshold
Functional Diagrams (continued)MAX9927
VCC
IN1-VCC
IN1+
BIAS1
OP AMP
COMPARATOR
30%
BUFFER
VMIN
THRESHOLD
85ms
WATCHDOG
PEAK
DETECTOR
COUT1
EXT1
GND
OUT1
VCC
VCC
IN2-VCC
IN2+
BIAS2
OP AMP
COMPARATOR
30%
BUFFER
VMIN
THRESHOLD
85ms
WATCHDOG
PEAK
DETECTOR
COUT2
OUT1
EXT2
MODE
LOGICINT_THRS2
INT_THRS1
MAX9924–MAX9927
Variable Reluctance Sensor Interfaces with
Differential Input and Adaptive Peak Threshold
Detailed DescriptionThe MAX9924–MAX9927 interface with variable reluc-
tance (VR) or magnetic coil sensors. These devices
produce accurate pulses aligned with flywheel gear-
teeth even when the pickup signal is small and in the
presence of large amounts of system noise. They inter-
face with new-generation differential VR sensors as well
as legacy single-ended VR sensors.
The MAX9924/MAX9925 integrate a precision op amp,
a precision comparator, an adaptive peak threshold
block, a zero-crossing detection circuit, and precision
matched resistors (MAX9924). The MAX9926 and
MAX9927 are dual versions of the MAX9924 and
MAX9925, respectively. The MAX9926 also provides a
rotational output that is useful for quadrature-connected
VR sensors used in certain high-performance engines.
The input op amp in the MAX9925/MAX9927 are typical-
ly configured as a differential amplifier by using four
external resistors (the MAX9924/MAX9926 integrate
precision-matched resistors to give superior CMRR per-
formance). This input differential amplifier rejects input
common-mode noise and converts the input differential
signal from a VR sensor into a single-ended signal. The
internal comparator produces output pulses by compar-
ing the output of the input differential amplifier with a
threshold voltage that is set depending on the mode
that the device is in (see the Mode Selectionsection).
Mode SelectionThe MAX9924/MAX9926 provide four modes of opera-
tion: Mode A1, Mode A2, Mode B, and Mode C as deter-
mined by voltages applied to inputs ZERO_EN and
INT_THRS (see Tables 1, 2, and 3). In Modes A1 and
A2, the internal adaptive peak threshold and the zero-
crossing features are enabled. In Mode A2, an internally
generated reference voltage is used to bias the differen-
tial amplifier and all internal circuitry instead of an exter-
nal voltage connected to the BIAS input—this helps
reduce external components and design variables lead-
ing to a more robust application. In Mode B, the adap-
tive peak threshold functionality is disabled, but
zero-crossing functionality is enabled. In this mode, an
external threshold voltage is applied at EXT allowing
application-specific adaptive algorithms to be imple-
mented in firmware. In Mode C, both the adaptive peak
threshold and zero-crossing features are disabled and
the device acts as a high-performance differential ampli-
fier connected to a precision comparator (add external
hysteresis to the comparator for glitch-free operation).
Table 1. MAX9924/MAX9926 Operating Modes
SETTINGDEVICE FUNCTIONALITY
OPERATING MODEZERO_ENINT_THRSZERO CROSSINGADAPTIVE PEAK
THRESHOLD
BIAS VOLTAGE
SOURCEVCCVCCEnabledEnabledExternalGNDGNDEnabledEnabledInternal Ref
BVCCGNDEnabledDisabledExternalGNDVCCDisabledDisabledExternal
Table 2. MAX9925 Operating Modes
SETTINGDEVICE FUNCTIONALITYOPERATING MODE
ZERO_ENINT_THRSZERO CROSSINGADAPTIVE PEAK THRESHOLDVCCVCCEnabledEnabled
BVCCGNDEnabledDisabledGNDVCCDisabledDisabled
Table 3. MAX9927 Operating Modes
SETTINGDEVICE FUNCTIONALITYOPERATING MODEINT_THRSZERO CROSSINGADAPTIVE PEAK THRESHOLDVCCEnabledEnabledGNDEnabledDisabled