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AD534JD-AD534JH-AD534KD-AD534LD-AD534SD-AD534SH-AD534TD-AD534TH
Internally Trimmed Precision IC Multiplier
PIN CONFIGURATIONS
Internally Trimmed
Precision IC Multiplier
FEATURES
Pretrimmed to 60.25% max 4-Quadrant Error (AD534L)
All Inputs (X, Y and Z) Differential, High Impedance for
[(X1 – X2) (Y1 – Y2)/10V] + Z2 Transfer Function
Scale-Factor Adjustable to Provide up to X100 Gain
Low Noise Design: 90mV
rms, 10Hz–10kHz
Low Cost, Monolithic Construction
Excellent Long Term Stability
APPLICATIONS
High Quality Analog Signal Processing
Differential Ratio and Percentage Computations
Algebraic and Trigonometric Function Synthesis
Wideband, High-Crest rms-to-dc Conversion
Accurate Voltage Controlled Oscillators and Filters
Available in Chip FormREV.B
TO-116 (D-14)
Package
NC = NO CONNECT+VSOUT
–VS
TO-100 (H-10A)
Package
LCC (E-20A)
Package
PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONThe AD534 is a monolithic laser trimmed four-quadrant multi-
plier divider having accuracy specifications previously found
only in expensive hybrid or modular products. A maximum
multiplication error of –0.25% is guaranteed for the AD534L
without any external trimming. Excellent supply rejection, low
temperature coefficients and long term stability of the on-chip
thin film resistors and buried Zener reference preserve accuracy
even under adverse conditions of use. It is the first multiplier to
offer fully differential, high impedance operation on all inputs,
including the Z-input, a feature which greatly increases its flex-
ibility and ease of use. The scale factor is pretrimmed to the
standard value of 10.00V; by means of an external resistor, this
can be reduced to values as low as 3V.
The wide spectrum of applications and the availability of several
grades commend this multiplier as the first choice for all new
designs. The AD534J (–1% max error), AD534K (–0.5% max)
and AD534L (–0.25% max) are specified for operation over the
0°C to +70°C temperature range. The AD534S (–1% max) and
AD534T (–0.5% max) are specified over the extended tempera-
ture range, –55°C to +125°C. All grades are available in her-
metically sealed TO-100 metal cans and TO-116 ceramic DIP
packages. AD534J, K, S and T chips are also available.
PROVIDES GAIN WITH LOW NOISEThe AD534 is the first general purpose multiplier capable of
providing gains up to X100, frequently eliminating the need for
separate instrumentation amplifiers to precondition the inputs.
The AD534 can be very effectively employed as a variable gain
differential input amplifier with high common-mode rejection.
The gain option is available in all modes, and will be found to
simplify the implementation of many function-fitting algorithms
such as those used to generate sine and tangent. The utility of
this feature is enhanced by the inherent low noise of the AD534:mV, rms (depending on the gain), a factor of 10 lower than
previous monolithic multipliers. Drift and feedthrough are also
substantially reduced over earlier designs.
UNPRECEDENTED FLEXIBILITYThe precise calibration and differential Z-input provide a degree
of flexibility found in no other currently available multiplier.
Standard MDSSR functions (multiplication, division, squaring,
square-rooting) are easily implemented while the restriction to
particular input/output polarities imposed by earlier designs has
been eliminated. Signals may be summed into the output, with
or without gain and with either a positive or negative sense.
Many new modes based on implicit-function synthesis have
been made possible, usually requiring only external passive
components. The output can be in the form of a current, if
desired, facilitating such operations as integration.
AD534–SPECIFICATIONSDYNAMICS
INPUT AMPLIFIERS (X, Y and Z)
DIVIDER PERFORMANCE
SQUARE-ROOTER PERFORMANCE
POWER SUPPLY SPECIFICATIONS
(@ TA = + 258C, 6VS = 15V, R‡
2kV)NOTESFigures given are percent of full scale, –10V (i.e., 0.01% = 1 mV).May be reduced down to 3 V using external resistor between –VS and SF.
Specifications shown in boldface are tested on all production units at final electrical
test. Results from those tests are used to calculate outgoing quality levels. All min and
max specifications are guaranteed, although only those shown in boldface are tested
AD534NOTESFigures given are percent of full scale, –10V (i.e., 0.01% = 1 mV).
Specifications shown in boldface are tested on all production units at final electrical
test. Results from those tests are used to calculate outgoing quality levels. All min and
AD534
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS*Same as AD534J Specs.
ORDERING GUIDE
Thermal CharacteristicsThermal ResistanceqJC = 25°C/W for H-10AJA = 150°C/W for H-10AJC = 25°C/W for D-14 or E-20AJA = 95°C/W for D-14 or E-20A
CHIP DIMENSIONS AND BONDING DIAGRAMDimensions shown in inches and (mm).
Figure 1.Optional Trimming Configuration
CAUTIONESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000V readily
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTIONFigure 2 is a functional block diagram of the AD534. Inputs are
converted to differential currents by three identical voltage-to-
current converters, each trimmed for zero offset. The product
of the X and Y currents is generated by a multiplier cell using
Gilbert’s translinear technique. An on-chip “Buried Zener”
provides a highly stable reference, which is laser trimmed to
provide an overall scale factor of 10V. The difference between
XY/SF and Z is then applied to the high gain output amplifier.
This permits various closed loop configurations and dramati-
cally reduces nonlinearities due to the input amplifiers, a domi-
nant source of distortion in earlier designs. The effectiveness of
the new scheme can be judged from the fact that under typical
conditions as a multiplier the nonlinearity on the Y input, with
X at full scale (–10V), is –0.005% of FS; even at its worst
point, which occurs when X = –6.4V, it is typically only0.05% of FS Nonlinearity for signals applied to the X input,
on the other hand, is determined almost entirely by the multi-
plier element and is parabolic in form. This error is a major
factor in determining the overall accuracy of the unit and hence
is closely related to the device grade.
AD534+VS
–VSOUT
TRANSFER FUNCTION
VO = A – (Z1 – Z2)(X1 – X2) (Y1 – Y2)
HIGH GAIN
OUTPUT
AMPLIFIERFigure 2.Functional Block Diagram
The generalized transfer function for the AD534 is given by:
whereA =open loop gain of output amplifier, typicallydB at dc
X, Y, Z = input voltages (full scale = –SF, peak =1.25SF)
SF = scale factor, pretrimmed to 10.00V but adjustable
by the user down to 3V.
In most cases the open loop gain can be regarded as infinite,
and SF will be 10V. The operation performed by the AD534,
can then be described in terms of equation:
The user may adjust SF for values between 10.00V and 3V by
connecting an external resistor in series with a potentiometer
between SF and –VS. The approximate value of the total resis-
tance for a given value of SF is given by the relationship:
Due to device tolerances, allowance should be made to vary RSF;
by –25% using the potentiometer. Considerable reduction in
bias currents, noise and drift can be achieved by decreasing SF.
This has the overall effect of increasing signal gain without the
customary increase in noise. Note that the peak input signal is
always limited to 1.25SF (i.e., –5V for SF = 4V) so the overall
transfer function will show a maximum gain of 1.25. The per-
formance with small input signals, however, is improved by
using a lower SF since the dynamic range of the inputs is now
fully utilized. Bandwidth is unaffected by the use of this option.
Supply voltages of –15V are generally assumed. However,
satisfactory operation is possible down to –8V (see Figure 16).
Since all inputs maintain a constant peak input capability of1.25 SF some feedback attenuation will be necessary to
achieve output voltage swings in excess of –12V when using
higher supply voltages.
OPERATION AS A MULTIPLIERFigure 3 shows the basic connection for multiplication. Note
that the circuit will meet all specifications without trimming.
Figure 3.Basic Multiplier Connection
In some cases the user may wish to reduce ac feedthrough to a
minimum (as in a suppressed carrier modulator) by applying an
external trim voltage (–30mV range required) to the X or Y
input (see Figure 1). Figure 19 shows the typical ac feedthrough
with this adjustment mode. Note that the Y input is a factor of
10 lower than the X input and should be used in applications
where null suppression is critical.
The high impedance Z2 terminal of the AD534 may be used to
sum an additional signal into the output. In this mode the out-
put amplifier behaves as a voltage follower with a 1MHz small
signal bandwidth and a 20V/ms slew rate. This terminal should
always be referenced to the ground point of the driven system,
particularly if this is remote. Likewise, the differential inputs
should be referenced to their respective ground potentials to
realize the full accuracy of the AD534.
AD534A much lower scaling voltage can be achieved without any re-
duction of input signal range using a feedback attenuator as
shown in Figure 4. In this example, the scale is such that VOUT
= XY, so that the circuit can exhibit a maximum gain of 10.
This connection results in a reduction of bandwidth to aboutkHz without the peaking capacitor CF = 200pF. In addition,
the output offset voltage is increased by a factor of 10 making
external adjustments necessary in some applications. Adjust-
ment is made by connecting a 4.7MW resistor between Z1 and
the slider of a pot connected across the supplies to provide300mV of trim range at the output.
X INPUT610V FS
612V PK
Y INPUT610V FS
612V PK
OUTPUT , 612V PK
= (X1 – X2) (Y1 – Y2)
(SCALE = 1V)Figure 4.Connections for Scale-Factor of Unity
Feedback attenuation also retains the capability for adding a
signal to the output. Signals may be applied to the high imped-
ance Z2 terminal where they are amplified by +10 or to the
common ground connection where they are amplified by +1.
Input signals may also be applied to the lower end of the 10 kW
resistor, giving a gain of –9. Other values of feedback ratio, up
to X100, can be used to combine multiplication with gain.
Occasionally it may be desirable to convert the output to a cur-
rent, into a load of unspecified impedance or dc level. For ex-
ample, the function of multiplication is sometimes followed by
integration; if the output is in the form of a current, a simple
capacitor will provide the integration function. Figure 5 shows
how this can be achieved. This method can also be applied in
squaring, dividing and square rooting modes by appropriate
choice of terminals. This technique is used in the voltage-
controlled low-pass filter and the differential-input voltage-to-
frequency converter shown in the Applications section.
Figure 5.Conversion of Output to Current
OPERATION AS A SQUAREROperation as a squarer is achieved in the same fashion as the
multiplier except that the X and Y inputs are used in parallel.
The differential inputs can be used to determine the output
polarity (positive for X1 = Yl and X2 = Y2, negative if either one
of the inputs is reversed). Accuracy in the squaring mode is
typically a factor of 2 better than in the multiplying mode, the
largest errors occurring with small values of output for input
below 1V.
If the application depends on accurate operation for inputs that
are always less than –3V, the use of a reduced value of SF is
recommended as described in the Functional Description sec-
tion (previous page). Alternatively, a feedback attenuator may
be used to raise the output level. This is put to use in the differ-
ence-of-squares application to compensate for the factor of 2
loss involved in generating the sum term (see Figure 8).
The difference-of-squares function is also used as the basis for a
novel rms-to-dc converter shown in Figure 15. The averaging
filter is a true integrator, and the loop seeks to zero its input.
For this to occur, (VIN)2 – (VOUT)2 = 0 (for signals whose period
is well below the averaging time-constant). Hence VOUT is
forced to equal the rms value of VIN. The absolute accuracy of
this technique is very high; at medium frequencies, and for
signals near full scale, it is determined almost entirely by the
ratio of the resistors in the inverting amplifier. The multiplier
scaling voltage affects only open loop gain. The data shown is
typical of performance that can be achieved with an AD534K,
but even using an AD534J, this technique can readily provide
better than 1% accuracy over a wide frequency range, even for
crest-factors in excess of 10.
