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AD2S100AP
AC Vector Processor
REV.A
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
GENERAL DESCRIPTIONThe AD2S100 performs the vector rotation of three-phase 120
degree or two-phase 90 degree sine and cosine signals by trans-
ferring these inputs into a new reference frame which is controlled
by the digital input angle φ. Two transforms are included in the
AD2S100. The first is the Clarke transform which computes
the sine and cosine orthogonal components of a three-phase
input. These signals represent real and imaginary components
which then form the input to the Park transform. The Park
transform relates the angle of the input signals to a reference
frame controlled by the digital input port. The digital input
port is a 12-bit parallel binary representation.
If the input signals are represented by Vds and Vqs, respectively,
where Vds and Vqs are the real and imaginary components, then
the transformation can be described as follows:
Vds' = Vds Cosφ – Vqs Sinφ
Vqs' = Vds Sinφ + Vqs Cosφ
Where Vds' and Vqs' are the output of the Park transform
and Sinφ, and Cosφ are the values internally derived by the
AD2S100 from the binary digital data.
The input section of the device can be configured to accept
either three-phase inputs, two-phase inputs of a three-phase
system, or two 90 degree input signals. The homopolar output
detects the imbalance of a three-phase input only. Under nor-
mal conditions, this output will be zero.
The digital input section will accept a resolution of up to 12 bits
(AD2S100). An input data strobe signal is required to synchro-
nize theposition dataandload thisinformationinto the device
counters. A busy output is provided to identify the conversion
status of the AD2S100. The busy period represents the conver-
sion time of the vector rotation.
Two analog output formats are available. A two-phase rotated
output facilitates multiple rotation blocks. Three phase format
signals are available for use with a PWM inverter.
PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS
Hardware Peripheral for Standard Microcontrollers and
DSP SystemsThe AD2S100 removes the time consuming cartesian transfor-
mations from digital processors and benchmarks a speed im-
provement of 30:1 on standard 20 MHz processors. AD2S100
transformation time = 2 μs (typ).
Field Oriented Control of AC and DC Brushless MotorsThe AD2S100 accommodates all the necessary functions to
provide a hardware solution for ac vector control of induction
motors and dc brushless motors.
Three-Phase Imbalance DetectionThe AD2S100 can be used to sense overcurrent situations or
imbalances in a three-phase system via the homopolar output.
Resolver-to-Digital Converter InterfaceThe AD2S100 provides general purpose interface for position
sensors used in the application of dc brushless and ac induction
motor control.
INPUT
DATA
STROBE
HOMOPOLAR
OUTPUT
HOMOPOLAR
REFERENCE
+5VGND–5Vφ POSITION
PARALLEL
DATA
Cos (θ + 120° + φ)
Cos (θ + 240° + φ)
Cosθ
Sinθ
Cos θ + φ
CONV1
CONV2Cos (θ + 120°)
Cos (θ + 240°)
AC Vector Processor
FEATURES
Complete Vector Coordinate Transformation on Silicon
Mixed Signal Data Acquisition
Three-Phase 1208 and Orthogonal 908 Signal
Transformation
Three-Phase Balance Diagnostic–Homopolar Output
APPLICATIONS
AC Induction and DC Permanent
Magnet Motor Control
HVAC, Pump, Fan Control
Material Handling
Robotics
Spindle Drives
Gyroscopes
Dryers
Washing Machines
Electric Cars
Actuator
Three-Phase Power Measurement
Digital-to-Resolver & Synchro Conversion
AD2S100–SPECIFICATIONSGain
VECTOR PERFORMANCE
ANALOG SIGNAL OUTPUTS
STROBE
BUSY
DIGITAL INPUTS
CONVERT MODE
CONVERT LOGIC
(VDD = +5 V 6 5%; VSS = –5 V 6 5% AGND = DGND = O V; TA = –408C to
+85°C, unless otherwise noted)
POWER SUPPLY
NOTESAngular accuracy includes offset and gain errors. Stationary digital input and maximum analog frequency inputs.Included in the angular error is an allowance for the additional error caused by the phase delay as a function of input frequency. For example, if
fINPUT = 600 Hz, the contribution to the error due to phase delay is: 650 ns × fINPUT × 60 × 360 = 8.4 arc minutes.Output subject to input voltage and gain.
Specifications in boldface are production tested.
Specifications subject to change without notice.
AD2S100
RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONSPower Supply Voltage (+VDD, –VSS) . . . . . . . . .±5 V dc ± 5%
Analog Input Voltage (PH/IP1, 2, 3, 4) . . . . . .2 V rms ± 10%
Analog Input Voltage (PH/IPH1, 2, 3) . . . . . .3 V rms ± 10%
Ambient Operating Temperature Range
Industrial (AP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .–40°C to +85°C
ORDERING GUIDE*P = Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier.
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (TA = +25°C)VDD to AGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .–0.3 V to +7 V dc
VSS to AGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+0.3 V to –7 V dc
AGND to DGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±0.3 V dc
Analog Input Voltage to AGND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VSS to VDD
Digital Input Voltage to DGND . . . .–0.3 V to VDD + 0.3 V dc
Digital Output Voltage to DGND . . .–0.3 V to VDD + 0.3 V dc
Analog Output Voltage to AGND
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VSS – 0.3 V to VDD + 0.3 V dc
Analog Output Load Condition (PH/OP1, 2, 3, 4
Sinθ, Cosθ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 kΩ
Power Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 mW
Operating Temperature
Industrial (AP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .–40°C to +85°C
Storage Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .–65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) . . . . . . . . . . . . .+300°C
CAUTIONAbsolute Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which
damage to the device may occur.Correct polarity voltages must be maintained on the +VDD
and –VSS pins.
CAUTIONESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. Electrostatic charges as high as 4000V readily
accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection.
Although the AD2S100 features proprietary ESD protection circuitry, permanent damage may
occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. Therefore, proper ESD
precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.
AD2S100
PIN DESIGNATIONS1, 2, 3NOTES
Signal Inputs Ph/IP and PH/IPH on Pin Nos 11 through 17.90° orthogonal signals = Sin θ, Cos θ (Resolver) = PH/IP4 and PH/IP1.Three phase, 120°, three-wire signals
= Cos θ, Cos (θ + 120°), Cos (θ + 240°).
= PH/IP1, PH/IP2, PH/IP3
High Level = PH/IPH1, PH/IPH2, PH/IPH3.Three Phase, 120°, two-wire signals = Cos (θ + 120°), Cos (θ + 240°)
= PH/IP2, PH/IP3.
In all cases where any of the input Pins 11 through 17 are not used, they must
be left unconnected.
PIN CONFIGURATION
To relate these stator current to the reference frame the rotor
currents assume the same rectangular coordinates, but are now
rotated by the operator ejf, where ejf = Cos f + jSin f.
Here the term vector rotator comes into play where the stator
current vector can be represented in rotor-based coordinates or
vice versa.
The AD2S100 uses ejf as the core operator. Here f represents
the digital position angle which rotates as the rotor moves. In
terms of the mathematical function, it rotates the orthogonal ids
and iqs components as follows:
ids' + jiqs' = (Ids + jIqs) ejf
where ids', iqs' = stator currents in the rotor reference frame. Andjf = Cos f + jSin f
= (Ids + jIqs)(Cos f + jSin f)
The output from the AD2S100 takes the form of:
ids' = Ids Cos f – Iqs Sin f
iqs' = Ids Sin f + Iqs Cos f
The matrix equation is:
ids']=[
Cos f – Sin f][
Ids]
iqs'
Sin f
Cos f Iqs
and it is shown in Figure 2.
ids
iqs
ids'
iqs'Figure 2.AD2S100 Vector Rotation Operation
Figure 3.Converter Operation Diagram
THEORY OF OPERATIONA fundamental requirement for high quality induction motor
drives is that the magnitude and position of the rotating air-gap
rotor flux be known. This is normally carried out by measuring
the rotor position via a position sensor and establishing a rotor
reference frame that can be related to stator current coordinates.
To generate a flux component in the rotor, stator current is ap-
plied. A build-up of rotor flux is concluded which must be
maintained by controlling the stator current, ids, parallel to the
rotor flux. The rotor flux current component is the magnetizing
current, imr.
Torque is generated by applying a current component which is
perpendicular to the magnetizing current. This current is nor-
mally called the torque generating current, iqs.
To orient and control both the torque and flux stator current
vectors, a coordinate transformation is carried out to establish a
new reference frame related to the rotor. This complex calcula-
tion is carried out by the AD2S100 vector processor.
To expand upon the vector operator a description of a single
vector rotation is of assistance. If it is considered that the mod-
uli of a vector is OP and that through the movement of rotor
position by f, we require the new position of this vector it can
be deduced as follows:
Let original vector OP = A (Cos u + jSIN u) where A is a
constant;
so if OQ = OP ejf(1)
and: ejf = Cos f + jSin f
OQ = A (Cos (u + f) + jSin (u + f))
= A [Cos u Cos φ – Sin u Sin φ + jSin u Cos φ + jCos u Sin φ]
= A [(Cos u + jSin u) (Cos f + jSin f)](2)
Figure 1.Vector Rotation in Polar Coordinate
The complex stator current vector can be represented as is = ias
+ aibs + a2ics where a = e
j2π and a2 = e
j4π. This can be re-
placed by rectangular coordinates as
is = ids + jiqs(3)
In this equation ids and iqs represent the equivalent of a two-
phase stator winding which establishes the same magnitude of
MMF in a three-phase system. These inputs can be seen after
the three-phase to two-phase transformation in the AD2S100
AD2S100
ANALOG SIGNAL INPUT AND OUTPUT CONNECTIONS
Input Analog SignalsAll analog signal inputs to AD2S100 are voltages. There are two
different voltage levels of three-phase (0°, 120°, 240°) signal in-
puts. One is the nominal level, which is ±2.8 V dc or 2 V rms
and the corresponding input pins are PH/IP1 (Pin 17), PH/IP2
(Pin 15), PH/IP3 (Pin 13) and PH/IP4 (Pin 11).
The high level inputs can accommodate voltages from nominal
up to a maximum of ±VDD/VSS. The corresponding input pins
are PH/IPH1 (Pin 16), PH/IPH2 (Pin 14) and PH/IPH3 (Pin
12). The homopolar output can only be used in the three-phase
connection mode.
The converter can accept both two-phase format and three-
phase format input signals. For the two-phase format input, the
two inputs must be orthogonal to each other. For the three-
phase format input, there is the choice of using all three inputs
or using two of the three inputs. In the latter case, the third in-
put signal will be generated internally by using the information
of other two inputs. The high level input mode, however, can
only be selected with three-phase/three-input format. All these
different conversion modes, including nominal/high input level
and two/three-phase input format can be selected using two se-
lect pins (Pin 23, Pin 24). The functions are summarized in
Table I.
Table I.Conversion Mode Selection*The high level input mode can only be selected with MODE2.
MODE1: 2-Phase/2 Inputs with Nominal Input LevelIn this mode, PH/IP1 and PH/IP4 are the inputs and the Pins
12 through 16 must be left unconnected.
MODE2: 3-Phase/3 Inputs with Nominal/High Input LevelIn this mode, either nominal or high level inputs can be used.
For nominal level input operation, PH/IP1, PH/IP2 and PH/IP3
are the inputs, and there should be no connections to PH/IPH1,
PH/IPH2 and PH/IPH3; similarly, for high level input opera-
tion, the PH/IPH1, PH/IPH2 and PH/IPH3 are the inputs, and
there should be no connections to PH/IP1, PH/IP2 and PH/IP3.
In both cases, the PH/IP4 should be left unconnected. For high
level signal input operation, select MODE2 only.
MODE3: 3-Phase/2 Inputs with Nominal Input LevelIn this mode, PH/IP2 and PH/IP3 are the inputs and the third
signal will be generated internally by using the information of
other two inputs. It is recommended that PH/IP1, PH/IPH1,
PH/IPH2, PH/IP4 and PH/IPH3 should be left unconnected.
CONVERTER OPERATIONThe architecture of the AD2S100 is illustrated in Figure 3. The
AD2S100 is configured in the forward transformation which ro-
tates the stator coordinates to the rotor reference frame.
Forward RotationIn this configuration the 3φ–2φ Clark is bypassed, and inputs are
fed directly into the quadrature (PH/IP4) and direct (PH/ IPI)
inputs to the Park transform, eiφ, where φ is defined by the
AD2S100’s digital input. Position data, φ, is loaded into the in-
put latch on the positive edge of the strobe pulse. (For detail on
the timing, please refer to the “timing diagram.”) The negative
edge of the strobe signifies that conversion has commenced. A
busy pulse is subsequently produced as data is passed from the
input latches to the Sin and Cos multipliers. During the loading
of the multiplier, the busy pulse remains high to ensure simulta-
neous setting of φ in both the Sin and Cos registers.
The negative edge of the busy pulse signifies that the multipliers
are set up and the orthogonal analog inputs are multiplied real
time. The resultant two outputs are accessed via the PH/OPI
(Pin 7) and PH/OP4 (Pin 6), alternatively they can be directly
applied to the output Clark transform. The Clark output is the
vector sum of the analog input vector (Cosθ (PH/OPl), Cos (θ +
120°) (PH/OP2), Cos (θ + 240°) (PH/OP3) and the digital in-
put vector φ.
For other configurations, please refer to “Forward and Reverse
Transformation.”
CONNECTING THE CONVERTER
Power Supply ConnectionThe power supply voltages connected to VDD and VSS pins
should be +5 V dc and –5 V dc and must not be reversed. Pin 4
(VDD) and Pin 41 (VDD) should both be connected to +5 V;
similarly, Pin 5 (VSS) and Pin 19 (VSS) should both be con-
nected to –5 V dc.
It is recommended that decoupling capacitors, 100 nF (ceramic)
and 10 μF (tantalum) or other high quality capacitors, are con-
nected in parallel between the power line VDD, VSS and AGND
adjacent to the converter. Separate decoupling capacitors should
be used for each converter. The connections are shown in Fig-
ure 4.
10µF
10µF
+5V
GND
–5V
